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Selected from arXiv

Research threads behind the internet.

2008 / Cloud systems / arXiv:0901.0131
Cloud Computing and Grid Computing 360-Degree Compared
Compares cloud computing with grid computing and related distributed-computing models to clarify the ideas behind computing as a utility.
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2017 / Language models / arXiv:1706.03762
Attention Is All You Need
Introduces the Transformer, which relies on attention for sequence modeling instead of recurrent or convolutional layers.
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2025 / Search and reasoning / arXiv:2503.09516
Search-R1: Training LLMs to Reason and Leverage Search Engines with Reinforcement Learning
Explores training language models to generate search queries during reasoning and bring current external information into their answers.
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Summaries are editorial paraphrases of arXiv abstracts. Each paper title and ID links to its original record; PDFs are not hosted here.

A readable history of internet products, systems, and the work they made possible.

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About this archive

continued.page · An editorial archive built from cited material.

The timeline · 1969—today

Six eras, one connected story.

Each chapter starts with the conditions of its time, then follows the products, systems, and work that grew from them.

011969–1993Connection EraLetting different computers and networks talk to each other
021994–2000WebEveryone can view web pages, and portals bring information online
032001–2008Community & Search EraUsers start producing content; search and e-commerce find ways to make money
042009–2015Mobile EraThe internet goes in your pocket; users and traffic explode
052016–2022Cloud & Intelligence EraA shift from grabbing users to running operations precisely with data and algorithms, while compliance tightened across the board
062023–presentLarge Model EraNatural language became a new way to interact and to program